Notes from
the workbench.
Long-form writing on zero-knowledge cryptography, rollup architecture, account abstraction, and the infrastructure that keeps the open web open.
ERC-4337 is Not Enough.
ERC-4337 proved account abstraction could ship without a hard fork. Three years into production, the cost of that choice is visible: a permanent gas premium, a bundler oligopoly, a continuous audit surface on the EntryPoint contract, and a delegation cousin in EIP-7702 that already has its own phishing category. Native AA at the protocol level is the only architecture left that can close those gaps.
State Channels, Round Two.
ERC-7824 shipped as a draft in January 2025 and Yellow Network is building a real crypto clearing business on the reference implementation. The protocol layer is ready. The opinionated layer above the SDK is where the next year of state-channel apps gets shaped.
Andrej Karpathy Just Killed My RAG Pipeline.
On April 3, 2026, Karpathy posted a gist with no new framework, no benchmarks, and no infra. It got 16 million views on X and 5,000 stars. The reason is that it quietly showed the RAG stack most of us were paying for was never needed at our scale.
ERC-8004: The Standard That Decides Whether AI Agents on Chain Is Real.
Draft EIP created August 13, 2025. Audited contracts live on 20+ networks January 29, 2026. About 20,000 agents on the Identity Registry. The spec is good. The next twelve months decide whether that matters.
Statelessness: The Final Frontier of Decentralization.
A full node needs 700 GB today and grows 30 GB a year. A 2026 validator wants 4 TB of NVMe. The fight over Verkle vs binary-plus-STARK is the fight over whether a phone can run a node in 2029.
WTF is OP_CAT? Why Should We Care?
A twelve-line opcode Satoshi silently removed in 2010, a Schnorr signature quirk Andrew Poelstra noticed a decade later, and the reason every serious Bitcoin layer-2 team is quietly lobbying for a soft fork.
The Case for Sovereign Rollups on Bitcoin.
Chainway raised $14M on a paper titled 'A Sovereign ZK Rollup on Bitcoin.' The rollup they are shipping is not sovereign. That pivot is the argument of this piece.